The future of energy in the Middle East through re-regionalization in the borders

Nawar Al-Saadi

Abstract


As a result of the discovery of enormous oil reserves in the Arab Gulf area, the Middle East has become the central location for the extension and development of Western pipeline technology. In contrast to the limitless world depicted in certain stories of globalization, the creation of strong political boundaries directly under the supervision of national governments for pipeline deployment with few border crossings has been witnessed since 1956. In the Middle East, this low permeability of borders posed fewer hazards than the uncertainties stemming from having to pass many nations; hence, the sovereign state seemed to be the optimal container for oil transit. The conclusion proposes the notion of re-territorialization as an explanation for the multi-level changes that have occurred, including transformations in geography, commercial structures, and international relations.

Keywords:  Globalization, Borders, Middle East, Oil Economy.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Anderson, J., O'Dowd, L., & Wilson, T. M. (2003). Culture and cooperation in Europe's borderlands (Vol. 19): Rodopi.

Bialer, U. (1998). Oil and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948-1963: Springer.

Bialer, U. (2007). Fuel Bridge across the Middle East—Israel, Iran, and the Eilat-Ashkelon Oil Pipeline. Israel Studies, 12(3), 29-67.

Bishku, M. B. (1990). The Suez-Sinai Crisis, 1956: Retrospective and Reappraisal. American-Arab Affairs(34), 140.

Bowlus, J. V. (2013). Connecting midstream: the politics and economics of oil transportation in the Middle East. (Doctoral dissertation). Georgetown University,

Bowlus, J. V. (2017). A crude marriage: Iraq, Turkey, and the Kirkuk–Ceyhan oil pipeline. Middle Eastern Studies, 53(5), 724-746.

Claes, D. H. (2018). The politics of oil: controlling resources, governing markets and creating political conflicts: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Cox, K. R. (1997). Spaces of globalization: reasserting the power of the local: Guilford Press.

da Silva Lopes, T., Lubinski, C., & Tworek, H. J. (2019). The Routledge companion to the makers of global business: Routledge.

Duguid, S. (1970). A biographical approach to the study of social change in the Middle East: Abdullah Tariki as a new man. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 1(3), 195-220.

Garavini, G. (2019). The rise and fall of OPEC in the twentieth century: Oxford University Press.

Hirst, P., Thompson, G., & Bromley, S. (2015). Globalization in question: John Wiley & Sons.

Holton, R. J. (2017). Making globalisation: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Khan, M. R., & Shahzad, D. S. (2021). The Abraham accords: Israel resizing spheres of influence. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan JRSP, 58(2), 180-186.

Makholm, J. D. (2019). The political economy of pipelines: A century of comparative institutional development: University of Chicago Press.

Mittelman, J. H. (1996). Globalization: critical reflections: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Musmar, F. (2019). Saudi Arabia and Israel: who needs whom? The Algemeiner, December, 13.

Niu, S., & Wu, T. (2021). Changes and trends in the current relations between saudi arabia and israel. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 15(2), 172-188.

O'brien, R. (1992). Global financial integration: The end of geography: Council on Foreign Relations Press.

Ohmae, K. (1990). The borderless world. McKinsey Quarterly(3), 3-19.

Oren, M. B. (2003). Six days of war: June 1967 and the making of the modern Middle East: Presidio Press.

Osoegawa, T. (2013). Syria and Lebanon: international relations and diplomacy in the middle east: Bloomsbury Publishing.

Painter, D. S. (1984). Oil and the Marshall plan. Business History Review, 58(3), 359-383.

Painter, D. S. (2009). The Marshall plan and oil. Cold War History, 9(2), 159-175.

Shwadran, B. (1985). The Middle East, oil and the great powers: Atlantic Press.

Sklair, L. (2002). Democracy and the transnational capitalist class. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 581(1), 144-157.

Stevens, P. (2000a). Pipelines or pipe dreams? Lessons from the history of Arab transit pipelines. The Middle East Journal, 54(2), 224-241.

Stevens, P. (2000b). Pipelines or pipe dreams? Lessons from the history of Arab transit pipelines. The Middle East Journal, 224-241.

Strange, S. (1996). The retreat of the state: The diffusion of power in the world economy: Cambridge university press.

Vitalis, R. (2009). America's kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi oil frontier: Verso Books.

Wilford, H. (2013). America's great game: the CIA's secret Arabists and the shaping of the modern Middle East: Basic Books.

Williamson, O. E. (1985). firms, markets, relational contracting: New York: Free.

Williamson, O. E. (2007). The economic institutions of capitalism. Firms, markets, relational contracting: Springer.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


World of Researches Publication